Wednesday, March 2, 2011

Omniscience, Prophesy, and Freewill

Introduction
God’s divine attribute of omniscience has been seen by some to be incompatible with human freewill. This puzzle can be summed up with the following (and well-known) question, “If God knows everything that will happen and God is never wrong, then how can human agents make autonomous decisions?” Some have argued that since God really knows everything and is never wrong then humans cannot make autonomous decisions because in some sense God’s omniscience causally determines human events so that all events happen in accordance with what He already knows. I believe this argument rested upon a mistake; this argument rests upon the mistake of conflating foreknowledge of an event with controlling the prior events that bring that it about. The fact that God knows that a certain event e will occur at time t does not entail that God is controlling all events prior to e’s occurrence to bring e about. Given His omniscience God knew all of the events that would occur to bring about e, but again this does not entail that God controlled all of the events leading up to e’s occurrence, it simply entails that God knew e was going to occur and how e was going to be brought about. God’s omniscience does not causally determine human actions. However, this solution may not work for instances involving prophecy, i.e., instances where God announces that an event is going to happen, whatever that event may happen to be. For example, if God says that a certain event e is going to happen in Bob’s life and God knows this is going to happen and God is never wrong, how can Bob freely choose to bring about e’s occurrence? It appears, prima facie, that no matter what Bob chooses to do e is going to happen. It appears that Bob’s freewill has been negated. One could argue that God is not controlling Bob’s autonomy actions whenever He declared that e is going to occur, and, therefore, Bob still can make the autonomy choice to bring about e. I find this answer dubious because, again prima facie, it appears that Bob could not choose not to bring about e because God said that e is going to happen and thus his choices in a certain sense were determined. I think we are faced with a genuine antinomy here.
In this essay I will be making the following assumptions:
1. God exists
2. God is omniscient
3. Libertarian autonomy, i.e., humans possess freewill
The structure of this essay will be as follows. First I will discuss dissolving the incompatibility of God’s omniscience and human autonomy by arguing that even though God knows what will occur in every human’s life this does not entail that God is controlling human action and, therefore, human freewill is not negated by God’s omniscience. Secondly I will discuss human autonomy and prophesy and attempt to dissolve this puzzle by arguing that when it comes to prophecies, the occurrence of prophetic events is still determined by human actions and so even though God may announce that a certain event is going to occur, the occurrence of that event is contingent upon human action.

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